Secure by Design
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It's a pretty fantastic book, which shows how to build security in by focusing on robustness, thereby getting a lot of security along for the ride.
As a developer, you need to build software in a secure way. But you can't spend all your time focusing on security. The answer is to use good design principles, tools, and mindsets that make security an implicit result - it's secure by design. Then secure-by-design becomes a guiding principle in how you build your software, from code to architecture. This begins by understanding designs and patterns that promote security so they become easy to apply in your day-to-day work. This way, you end up with securely-built software that avoids a majority of the most common security vulnerabilities. And best of all, it liberates your mind from security and lets you focus on developing features.
Secure by Design teaches developers how to use design to drive security in software development. This book is full of patterns, best practices, and mindsets that you can directly apply to your real world development. You'll also learn to spot weaknesses in legacy code and how to address them. You'll start by gaining an understanding of security as a vital concern and not simply a feature, and how good design promotes security. A real-life case study shows how shallow design caused a severe loss of money. Then you'll dive into practical ways of designing your code to avoid security flaws. You'll see how to use concrete code constructs that have profound effect on security - for example, immutability, validation, domain primitives, and error handling. Additional topics include how to secure your design through tests, using your delivery pipeline, how to do integration between systems, and how insights from cloud thinking support security. The final part of the book compares different architectures from a security perspective and puts concepts from previous chapters to work. In particular, you'll learn what to do in a legacy codebase, how to handle a monolith, and what to do when building a microservice architecture.
Table of Contents takes you straight to the bookdetailed table of contents
Part 1: Introduction
1 Why design matters for security
1.1 Security is a concern, not a feature
1.1.1 The robbery of Öst-Götha Bank, 1854
1.1.2 Security features and concerns
1.1.3 Categorizing security concerns: CIA-T
1.2 Defining design
1.3 The traditional approach to software security and its shortcomings
1.3.1 Explicitly thinking about security
1.3.2 Everyone is a security expert
1.3.3 Knowing all and the unknowable
1.4 Driving security through design
1.4.1 Making the user secure by design
1.4.2 The advantages of the design approach
1.4.3 Staying eclectic
1.5 Dealing with strings, XML, and a billion laughs
1.5.1 Extensible Markup Language (XML)
1.5.2 Internal XML entities in a nutshell
1.5.3 The Billion Laughs attack
1.5.4 Configuring the XML parser
1.5.5 Applying a design mindset
1.5.6 Applying operational constraints
1.5.7 Achieving security in depth
1.6 Summary
2 Intermission: the anti-Hamlet
2.1 Online book store with business integrity issues
2.1.1 The inner workings of the accounts receivable ledger
2.1.2 How the inventory system tracks books in the store
2.1.3 Shipping anti-books
2.1.4 Systems living the same lie
2.1.5 A do-it-yourself discount voucher
2.2 Shallow modeling
2.2.1 How shallow models emerge
2.2.2 The dangers of implicit concepts
2.3 Deep modeling
2.3.1 How deep models emerge
2.3.2 Make the implicit explicit
2.4 Summary
Part 2: Fundamentals
3 Core concepts of Domain-Driven Design
3.1 Models as tools for deeper insight
3.1.1 Models are simplifications
3.1.2 Models are strict
3.1.3 Models capture deep understanding
3.1.4 Making a model means choosing one
3.1.5 The model forms the ubiquitous language
3.2 Building blocks for your model
3.2.1 Entities
3.2.2 Value objects
3.2.3 Aggregates
3.3 Bounded contexts
3.3.1 Semantics of the ubiquitous language
3.3.2 The relationship between language, model, and bounded context
3.3.3 Identifying the bounded context
3.4 Interactions between contexts
3.4.1 Sharing a model in two contexts
3.4.2 Drawing a context map
3.5 Summary
4 Code constructs promoting security
4.1 Immutability
4.1.1 An ordinary webshop
4.2 Failing fast using contracts
4.2.1 Checking preconditions for method arguments
4.2.2 Upholding invariants in constructors
4.2.3 Failing for bad state
4.3 Validation
4.3.1 Checking the origin of data
4.3.2 Checking the size of data
4.3.3 Checking lexical content of data
4.3.4 Checking the data syntax
4.3.5 Checking the data semantics
4.4 Summary
5 Domain primitives
5.1 Domain primitives and invariants
5.1.1 Domain primitives as the smallest building blocks
5.1.2 Context boundaries define meaning
5.1.3 Building your domain primitive library
5.1.4 Hardening APIs with your domain primitive library
5.1.5 Avoid exposing your domain publicly
5.2 Read-once objects
5.2.1 Detecting unintentional use
5.2.2 Avoiding leaks caused by evolving code
5.3 Standing on the shoulders of domain primitives
5.3.1 The risk with overcluttered entity methods
5.3.2 Decluttering entities
5.3.3 When to use domain primitives in entities
5.4 Taint analysis
5.5 Summary
6 Ensuring integrity of state
6.1 Managing state using entities
6.2 Consistent on creation
6.2.1 The perils of no-arg constructors
6.2.2 ORM frameworks and no-arg constructors
6.2.3 All mandatory fields as constructor arguments
6.2.4 Construction with a fluent interface
6.2.5 Catching advanced constraints in code
6.2.6 The builder pattern for upholding advanced constraints
6.2.7 ORM frameworks and advanced constraints
6.2.8 Which construction to use when
6.3 Integrity of entities
6.3.1 Getter and setter methods
6.3.2 Avoid sharing mutable objects
6.3.3 Securing integrity of collections
6.4 Summary
7 Reducing complexity of state
7.1 Partially immutable entities
7.2 Entity state objects
7.2.1 Upholding entity state rules
7.2.2 Implementing entity state as a separate object
7.3 Entity snapshots
7.3.1 Entities represented with immutable objects
7.3.2 Changing the state of the underlying entity
7.3.3 When to use snapshots
7.4 Entity relay
7.4.1 Splitting the state graph into phases
7.4.2 When to form an entity relay
7.5 Summary
8 Leveraging your delivery pipeline for security
8.1 Using a delivery pipeline
8.2 Securing your design using unit tests
8.2.1 Understanding the domain rules
8.2.2 Testing normal behavior
8.2.3 Testing boundary behavior
8.2.4 Testing with invalid input
8.2.5 Testing the extreme
8.3 Verifying feature toggles
8.3.1 The perils of slippery toggles
8.3.2 Feature toggling as a development tool
8.3.3 Taming the toggles
8.3.4 Dealing with combinatory complexity
8.3.5 Toggles are subject to auditing
8.4 Automated security tests
8.4.1 Security tests are only tests
8.4.2 Working with security tests
8.4.3 Leveraging infrastructure as code
8.4.4 Putting it into practice
8.5 Testing for availability
8.5.1 Estimating the headroom
8.5.2 Exploiting domain rules
8.6 Validating configuration
8.6.1 Causes for configuration-related security flaws
8.6.2 Automated tests as your safety net
8.6.3 Know your defaults and verify them
8.7 Summary
9 Handling failures securely
9.1 Using exceptions to deal with failure
9.1.1 Throwing exceptions
9.1.2 Handling exceptions
9.1.3 Dealing with exception payload
9.2 Handling failures without exceptions
9.2.1 Failures aren’t exceptional
9.2.2 Designing for failures
9.3 Designing for availability
9.3.1 Resilience
9.3.2 Responsiveness
9.3.3 Circuit breakers and timeouts
9.3.4 Bulkheads
9.4 Handling bad data
9.4.1 Don’t repair data before validation
9.4.2 Never echo input verbatim
9.5 Summary
10 Benefits of cloud thinking
10.1 The twelve-factor app and cloud-native concepts
10.2 Storing configuration in the environment
10.2.1 Don’t put environment configuration in code
10.2.2 Never store secrets in resource files
10.2.3 Placing configuration in the environment
10.3 Separate processes
10.3.1 Deploy and running are separate things
10.3.2 Processing instances don’t hold state
10.3.3 Security benefits
10.4 Avoid logging to file
10.4.1 Confidentiality
10.4.2 Integrity
10.4.3 Availability
10.4.4 Logging as a service
10.5 Admin processes
10.5.1 The security risk of overlooked admin tasks
10.5.2 Admin tasks as first-class citizens
10.6 Service discovery and load balancing
10.6.1 Centralized load balancing
10.6.2 Client-side load balancing
10.6.3 Embrace change
10.7 The three R’s of enterprise security
10.7.1 Increase change to reduce risk
10.7.2 Rotate
10.7.3 Repave
10.7.4 Repair
10.8 Summary
11 Intermission: An insurance policy for free
11.1 Over-the-counter insurance policies
11.2 Separating services
11.3 A new payment type
11.4 A crashed car, a late payment, and a court case
11.5 Understanding what went wrong
11.6 Seeing the entire picture
11.7 A note on microservices architecture
11.8 Summary
Part 3: Applying the fundamentals
12 Guidance in legacy code
12.1 Determining where to apply domain primitives in legacy code
12.2 Ambiguous parameter lists
12.2.1 The direct approach
12.2.2 The discovery approach
12.2.3 The new API approach
12.3 Logging unchecked strings
12.3.1 Identifying logging of unchecked strings
12.3.2 Identifying implicit data leakage
12.4 Defensive code constructs
12.4.1 Code that doesn’t trust itself
12.4.2 Contracts and domain primitives to the rescue
12.4.3 Over lenient use of Optional
12.5 DRY misapplied—not focusing on ideas, but on text
12.5.1 A false positive that shouldn’t be DRY’d away
12.5.2 The problem of collecting repeated pieces of code
12.5.3 The good DRY
12.5.4 A false negative
12.6 Insufficient validation in domain types
12.7 Only testing the good enough
12.8 Partial domain primitives
12.8.1 Implicit, contextual currency
12.8.2 A US dollar is not a Slovenian tolar
12.8.3 Encompassing a conceptual whole
12.9 Summary
13 Guidance on microservices
13.1 What’s a microservice?
13.1.1 Independent runtimes
13.1.2 Independent updates
13.1.3 Designed for down
13.2 Each service is a bounded context
13.2.1 The importance of designing your API
13.2.2 Splitting monoliths
13.2.3 Semantics and evolving services
12.3 Sensitive data across services
13.3.1 CIA-T in a microservice architecture
13.3.2 Thinking " sensitive "
13.4 Logging in microservices
13.4.1 Integrity of aggregated log data
13.4.2 Traceability in log data
13.4.3 Confidentiality through a domain-oriented logger API
13.5 Summary
14 A final word: Don’t forget about security!
14.1 Conduct code security reviews
14.1.1 What to include in a code security review
14.1.2 Whom to include in a code security review
14.2 Keep track of your stack
14.2.1 Aggregating information
14.2.2 Prioritizing work
14.3 Run security penetration tests
14.3.1 Challenging your design
14.3.2 Learning from your mistakes
14.3.3 How often should you run a pen test?
14.3.4 Using bug bounty programs as continuous pen testing
14.4 Study the field of security
14.4.1 Everyone needs a basic understanding about security
14.4.2 Making security a source of inspiration
14.5 Develop a security incident mechanism
14.5.1 Incident handling
14.5.2 Problem resolution
14.5.3 Resilience, Wolff’s law, and antifragility
14.6 Summary
What's inside
- Using good design to create secure software
- Applying design concepts in real-world cases
- Spotting hidden security problems
- Assessing security by identifying design patterns
- Understanding benefits and limitations of secure‐by‐design
- Securing legacy, monoliths, and microservice architectures
About the authors
Dan Bergh Johnsson, Daniel Deogun, and Daniel Sawano have collectively been working with security and development for several decades. They are developers at heart and understand that security is often a side-concern. They have also evolved work habits that enable them to develop systems in a way that promotes security, while focusing on high-quality design habits - something that is easier for developers to keep in mind during their daily work. All three are established international speakers and often present at conferences on topics regarding high-quality development as well as security.
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