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Practical Recommender Systems
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Covers the technical background and demonstrates implementations in clear and concise Python code.
Online recommender systems help users find movies, jobs, restaurants—even romance! There’s an art in combining statistics, demographics, and query terms to achieve results that will delight them. Learn to build a recommender system the right way: it can make or break your application!
Table of Contents takes you straight to the bookdetailed table of contents
1 What is a Recommender?
1.1 Real-life recommendations
1.1.1 Recommender systems are at home on the internet
1.1.2 The long tail
1.1.3 The Netflix recommender system
1.1.4 Recommender system definition
1.2 Taxonomy of recommender systems
1.2.1 Domain
1.2.2 Purpose
1.2.3 Context
1.2.4 Personalization level
1.2.5 Whose opinions
1.2.6 Privacy and trustworthiness
1.2.7 Interface
1.2.8 Algorithms
1.3 Machine learning and the Netflix Prize
1.4 The Movie GEEKs website
1.4.1 Design and specification
1.4.2 Architecture
1.5 Building a recommender system
Summary
Part 1: Getting ready for recommender systems
2 User behavior and how to collect it
2.1 How (I think) Netflix gathers evidence while you browse
2.1.1 The evidence Netflix collects
2.2 Finding useful user behavior
2.2.1 Capturing visitor impressions
2.2.2 What you can learn from a shop browser
2.2.3 Act of buying
2.2.4 Consuming products
2.2.5 Getting to know your customers the Netflix way
2.3 Identifying users
2.4 Getting visitor data from other sources
2.5 The collector
2.5.1 Build the project files
2.5.2 The Data Model
2.5.3 The snitch—client-side evidence collector
2.5.4 Integrating the collector into MovieGEEKs
2.6 What is a user in the system And how to model them
Summary
3 Monitoring the system
3.1 Why adding a dashboard is a good idea
3.1.1 Answering “How are we doing?”
3.2 Doing the analytics
3.2.1 Web analytics
3.2.2 The basic statistics
3.2.3 Conversions
3.2.4 Analyzing the path up to conversion
3.2.5 Conversion path
3.3 Personas
3.4 MovieGEEKs dashboard
3.4.1 Autogenerating some data to our log
3.4.2 Specification and design of the analytics dashboard
3.4.3 Analytics dashboard wireframe
3.4.4 Architecture
Summary
4 On ratings and how to calculate them
4.1 User-item preferences
4.1.1 Definition of ratings
4.1.2 User-item matrix
4.2 Explicit or implicit ratings
4.2.1 How we use trusted sources for recs
4.3 Revisiting explicit ratings
4.4 What are implicit ratings
4.4.1 People suggestions
4.4.2 Considerations of calculating ratings
4.5 Calculating implicit ratings
4.5.1 Looking at the behavioral data
4.5.2 This could be considered a machine-learning problem
4.6 How to implement implicit ratings
4.6.1 Adding the time aspect
4.7 Less frequent items provide more value
Summary.
5 Non-personalized recommendations
5.1 What’s a non-personalized recommendation
5.1.1 What is a recommendation and what is a commercial.
5.1.2 What is non-personalized recommendation
5.2 How to make recommendations when you don’t have any data.
5.2.1 Top 10 - A chart of Items.
5.3 Implementing the chart and the groundwork for the recommender system component
5.3.1 The recommender system component
5.3.2 Code from Github
5.3.3 A recommender system
5.3.4 Adding chart to Movie Geeks
5.4 Seeded recommendations
5.4.1 Top 10 items bought by same user as the one you are viewing.
5.4.2 Association rules
5.4.3 Implementing association rules
5.4.4 Saving the association rules in the database.
5.4.5 Running the association rules calculator.
5.4.6 Use different events to create the association rules
Summary
6 The user (and content) who came in from the cold
6.1 What’s a cold Start?
6.1.1 Cold product
6.1.2 A cold visitor
6.1.3 Gray sheep
6.1.4 Let’s look at some real-life examples
6.1.5 So, what can we do about cold starts?
6.2 Keeping track of visitors
6.2.1 Persisting anonymous users
6.3 Addressing cold-start problems with algorithms
6.3.1 Using association rules to create recs for cold users
6.3.2 Using domain knowledge and business rules
6.3.3 Using Segments
6.3.4 Using categories to get around the Gray Sheep problem and how to introduce cold product
6.4 Those who doesn’t ask, won’t know
6.4.1 When the visitor is not new any longer
6.5 Using association rules to start recommending things fast.
6.5.1 Find the Collected items
6.5.2 Retrieve Association rules and order them according to confidence.
6.5.3 Display the recs.
6.5.4 Implementation evaluation
Summary
Part 2: Recommender algorithms
7 Finding similarities between users and between content
7.1 Why similarity?
7.1.1 What is a Similarity function?
7.2 Essential similarity functions
7.2.1 Jaccard distance
7.2.2 Lp-norms
7.2.3 Cosine similarity
7.2.4 Pearson Similarity
7.2.5 Test running Pearson Similarity
7.2.6 Pearson is really similar to cosine
7.3 K-means clustering
7.3.1 k-means clustering algorithm
7.3.2 Translating k-means clustering into Python
7.4 Implementing Similarities
7.4.1 Implement the similarity in MovieGEEKs site
7.4.2 Implement the clustering in MovieGEEKs site
Summary
8 Collaborative Filtering in the Neighborhood
8.1 Collaborative filtering: A history lesson
8.1.1 When information became collaboratively filtered
8.1.2 Helping each other
8.1.3 The rating matrix
8.1.4 The collaborative filtering pipeline
8.1.5 User-user collaborative filtering
8.1.6 Data Requirements
8.2 Calculating recommendations
8.3 Calculating similarities
8.4 Amazon’s algorithm to precalculate item similarity
8.5 Ways to select the neighborhood
8.6 Finding the right neighborhood
8.7 Ways to calculate predicted ratings
8.8 Prediction with item-based filtering
8.8.1 Compute item predictions
8.9 Cold-start problems
8.10 A few words on machine learning terms.
8.11 Collaborative filtering on the MovieGEEKs site
8.12 What’s the difference between association rule recs and collaborative recs?
8.13 Levers to fiddle with for collaborative filtering
8.14 Pros and cons of collaborative filtering
Summary
9 Evaluating and testing your recommender
9.1 Business wants lift, cross-sales, up-sales, and conversions
9.2 Why is it important to evaluate?
9.3 How to interpret user behavior.
9.4 What to measure
9.4.1 Understanding my taste — minimizing prediction error
9.4.2 Diversity
9.4.3 Coverage
9.4.4 Serendipity
9.5 Before implementing the recommender…
9.5.1 Verify the algorithm
9.5.2 Regression Testing
9.6 Types of evaluation
9.7 Offline evaluation
9.7.1 What to do when the algorithm doesn’t produce any recommendations
9.8 Offline experiments
9.8.1 Performing the experiment
9.9 Implementing the experiment in MovieGEEKs
9.9.1 What we will implement
9.10 Evaluating the test set
9.10.1 Starting out with the baseline predictor
9.10.2 Finding the right parameters
9.11 Online evaluation
9.11.1 Family and friends
9.11.2 A/B testing
9.12 Continuous testing with exploit/explore
9.12.1 Feedback loops
Summary
10 Content-based Filtering
10.1 Descriptive example
10.2 Content-based filtering
10.3 Content Analyzer
10.3.1 Feature extraction for the item profile
10.3.2 Categorical data with small numbers
10.3.3 Converting the year to a comparable feature
10.4 Extracting Metadata from Descriptions
10.4.1 Preparing Descriptions
10.6 Finding important words with Term Frequency — Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF)
10.6 Topic modeling using the LDA
10.6.1 What knobs can we turn to tweak the LDA?
10.7 Finding similar content
10.9 Creating the user profile
10.9.1 Creating the user profile with TD-IDF
10.9 Content-based recommendations in MovieGEEKs
10.9.1 Loading data
10.9.2 Train the model
10.9.3 Creating item profiles
10.9.4 Creating user profiles
10.9.5 Showing recommendations
10.12 Evaluation of the content-based recommender
10.11 Pros and Cons for content-based filtering
Summary
11 Finding hidden genres with matrix factorization
11.1 Sometimes it’s good to reduce the amount of data
11.2 Example of what we want to solve
11.3 A whiff of linear algebra
11.3.1 Matrix
11.3.2 What is factorization?
11.4 Constructing the factorization using SVD
11.4.1 Adding a new user by folding in
11.4.2 How to do recommendations with SVD
11.4.3 Baseline Predictors
11.4.4 Temporal dynamic
11.5 Constructing the factorization using Funk SVD
11.5.1 Root Mean Squared Error
11.5.2 Gradient Descent
11.5.3 Stochastic Gradient Descent
11.5.4 And finally, to the Factorization
11.5.5 Adding Biases
11.5.6 How to start and when to stop
11.6 Doing recommendations with Funk SVD
11.7 Funk SVD implementation in MovieGEEKs
11.7.1 What to do with outliers
11.7.2 Keeping the model up to date
11.7.3 Faster implementation
11.8 Explicit vs implicit data
11.9 Evaluation
11.10 Levers to fiddle with for Funk SVD
Summary
12 Taking the best of all algorithms: Implementing hybrid recommenders
12.1 The confused world of hybrids
12.2 The monolithic
12.2.1 Mixing content-based features with behavioral data to improve collaborative filtering recommenders
12.3 Mixed hybrid recommender
12.4 The ensemble
12.4.1 Switched ensemble recommender
12.4.2 Weighted Ensemble Recommender
12.4.3 Linear Regression
12.5 Feature-weighted linear stacking (FWLS)
12.5.1 Meta features: Weights as functions
12.5.2 The algorithm
12.6 Implementation
Summary
13 Ranking and learning to rank
13.1 Learning to rank an example at Foursquare
13.2 Re-ranking
13.3 What’s learning to rank again?
13.3.1 The three types of learning to Rank algorithms
13.4 Bayesian Personalized Ranking
13.4.1 BPR
13.4.2 Math magic (advanced section)
13.4.3 The BPR algorithm
13.4.4 Bayesian Personalized Ranking with Matrix Factorization
13.5 Implementation of BPR
13.5.1 Doing the recommendations
13.6 Evaluation
13.7 Levers to fiddle with for BPR
Summary
14 Future of Recommender Systems
14.1 This book in a few sentences
14.2 Topics to study next
14.2.1 Further readings
14.2.2 Algorithms
14.2.3 Context
14.2.4 Human Computer Interactions
14.2.5 Choosing a good architecture
14.3 What’s the future of recommender systems?
14.4 Final Thoughts
About the Technology
Recommender systems are everywhere, helping you find everything from movies to jobs, restaurants to hospitals, even romance. Using behavioral and demographic data, these systems make predictions about what users will be most interested in at a particular time, resulting in high-quality, ordered, personalized suggestions. Recommender systems are practically a necessity for keeping your site content current, useful, and interesting to your visitors.About the book
Practical Recommender Systems explains how recommender systems work and shows how to create and apply them for your site. After covering the basics, you’ll see how to collect user data and produce personalized recommendations. You’ll learn how to use the most popular recommendation algorithms and see examples of them in action on sites like Amazon and Netflix. Finally, the book covers scaling problems and other issues you’ll encounter as your site grows.
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