Index


 
A
 
addressable resources

integrating 85
addressing
standardized 11
agents 205
action planning 211
authorization and trust 211
autonomous 59, 206, 244, 249
belief-desire-intention (BDI) 209
common infrastructure 211
definition 206
environment 206, 243
evolution of 213
for high-level design 207
improving annotations 93
industrial controllers 207
intelligent 8, 205, 241
interactions 210, 241
layered 209
and logic 211
logic-based 208, 247
loosely coupled 206
messaging 211
and Ontology 211
and Semantic Web 212
reactive 209
scheduling and planning 207
society of 212
standards 213
and trust 221
types 207
and Web of Trust 233
AI. See Artificial Intelligence
AltaVista 111
Amaya 38, 95–96
links to non-existent targets 99
See also annotations
Amazon.com 120
annotations 4, 6, 103, 263
Amaya 95
Annotea 38, 96
collaboration 93, 104
complex 94
current systems 94
defined 91
discovery 93, 103
displaying 104
filtering 93
hyperlinks used as 104
improving quality of 93, 103
inverse 94
local storage 100
locating 103
losing when editing 99, 102–103
machine-readable 93, 103
and meta data, compared 94
Multivalent browser 99–101, 103
programmatic access 104
proprietary 95
retrieval 103
scenario 104
and Semantic Web 92
storage 103
user interfaces 104
Annotea 38, 96, 101
losing annotations when editing 99
and RDF 38, 97
Artificial Intelligence 113, 247
strong AI 247–248
Ask Jeeves 116
associations filtering 104
See also Topic Maps
ATLAS.ti 103
automation 3
 
B
 
behavior
self-directed 250
belief 220, 248
degrees of 249
Berners-Lee, Tim 2, 4, 14
blank node 158
anonymous 25, 33
See also nodes
blogging. See RSS
b-nodes
anonymous 25, 33
See also nodes
bookmarks 262
annotating 268
case study 262
and hierarchies 264
and keywords 264
managers 263
path statements 265
representing 264
 
C
 
CA (Certificate Authority) 228
See also Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), Certificate Authority
caching 111
cardinality 42
categories 145
predefined 108
See also searches
Certificate Authority 224
See also Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
classes
instances 145–146
in OWL 147
sets 146
subclasses 145
superclasses 145
See also ontology; Web Ontology Language (OWL)
classifications 142
categories 145
classes 145
distinctions 143
enumeration 145
extension 145
formal 143
hierarchies 143
informal 143
intension 145
multiple 146
trees 143
See also ontology, classifications
close coupling 206
and agents 206
collaboration 96
collocation 62, 70, 81, 85
concepts 63
integrating 85
context. See Topic Maps, scope
contradictions. See logic, contradictions
cwm 56
 
D
 
DAML. See DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML)
DAML-S 198
process description 198–199
DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML) 39, 168
data 20
indexing 5
integration 3
model 41
retrieving 5–6
reusing 3
sharing 47
in table format 42
data integration techniques 125
RDF 253
topic maps 253
databases 6
interoperable 6
primary key 26–27
relational 25
datastore 27, 161
Description element 49–50
discovery
enhanced 196
and grid computing 197
repository 194
services 7, 194
UDDI 194
disjoint 165
Document Object Model (DOM) 104
documents
authenticity 227
domain 158
Dublin Core 39
and bibliographic meta data 39
 
E
 
edges 52
elements
converting content into attributes 51
existence. See ontology
expert systems 129
Extensible Markup Language (XML) 6, 15–16, 47
design for RDF compatibility 252
Extensible User interface Language (XUL) 37
widgets 37
Extreme Markup Languages 72
 
F
 
filtering
intelligent 93
FIPA 213
abstract architecture 215, 217
FIPA-OS 215
implementations 215
JADE 216
JAS 217
specifications 214
FOAF 37, 257
case study 257
example 258
and identity 259
linking to 257
RDF file 257
self-describing network 252
as test bed 262
and trust assessments 233
FOL. See logic
foreign key 44
fragment identifiers 23, 98
 
G
 
Google 109, 114, 116, 118, 121
search methods 116
graphs 30
depicting multiple statements 31
directed 30
edges 30, 52
labeled 30
nodes 30, 52
representing RDF statements 30
grid computing 196
and service discovery 197
 
H
 
haiku 20
Haystack 40
and RDF 40
hijacking 123
HTML 16
HTTP
GET 179
POST 179
and WSDL 187
See also Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) 16
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 12
firewalls 178
headers 178
messages 178
sending HTML forms 180
for web services 178
 
I
 
iCal 239, 251
RDF format for 239
ID attribute 50
identifiers
unique 148
See also ontologies, identifiers
identity 246
birth certificate 220
confidence in 248
digital certificates 222
in FOAF 259
vouching for 220
indexes 71, 82
book 62
example 62
information 82
combining 135
contradictory 135, 230
exchange of 21
incomplete 58
integrated across the Web 82
navigating integrated 84
organization 262
reliability of 135, 231
instanceOf property 65
instances. See classes, instances
interpretations. See logic, interpretations
ISO/IEC 13250. See Topic Maps, standard
 
J
 
JAS. See FIPA, JAS
 
K
 
KartOO 110
keys 222, 246
private 222
public 223
keywords 112
knowledge
interconnection 138
pollution 139
knowledge representation
logic 134
 
L
 
labels 29
languages 21
literals 23, 31
logic 15, 128, 136
and agents 211
contradictions 131–132, 230
description logic 137, 161, 199
explanations 131, 241
expressive power 136
first-order 59, 136
inference 34, 130
interpretations 132
and knowledge representation 134
modal 137
reasoning 59, 247
rules 129
second-order 136
temporal 137
varieties 135
loose coupling 206
and agents 206
and Web 206
 
M
 
many-to-one relationships 44
merging. See Topic Maps, merging
meta data 5, 21, 114
and annotations, compared 94
automatic extraction of 248
increasing reliability 125
self describing 124
META element 123
Mozilla 37, 96
and RDF 37
Multivalent browser 99–101
See also annotations
 
N
 
names 65
baseName 65
See also Topic Maps
namespaces
declarations 48
default 48
natural language 112, 114
automatic analysis of 115
natural language processing (NLP) 112, 248
navigation 62, 70, 81, 85
Netscape 116
NeuroGrid 120
nodes 52
alternative 35
anonymous 25, 32–33, 51, 53, 98
bag 35
collection 35
container 34
sequence 35
Notation 3 (N3) 56
N-triples 56
 
O
 
occurrences. See Topic Maps, occurrences
ontologies 82, 84, 94, 104, 113, 122, 132–133, 142
and creation of queries 113
design of 151
domains 150
expressing in RDF 158
identifiers 148
merging 152, 242
multiple 241
reconciliation 134
taxonomy 142
versioning 154
vocabulary 133, 142
ontology 15, 21, 29, 142, 145
and agents 211
classifications 142
commitment 154
frameworks 151, 155
language 15, 155
and logic 142
names 148
and rules 130
Open Directory 110, 123
open world
and agents 212
OWL. See Web Ontology Language (OWL)
 
P
 
paid ranking 123
predicates 136
See also properties; relationships
primary keys 42–43
Prolog 28
properties 17, 68, 136
modeling 69
and Ontology 149
PSI. See Published Subject Indicators (PSI)
public key cryptography 222
See also keys
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) 223
bridge CA 225
Certificate Authority 224
chains of trust 224
Published Subject Indicators (PSI) 67, 72, 252, 254
 
Q
 
queries
distributed 134
logical 134
Questia 95
 
R
 
range 158
rdf
about attribute 49
Statement 30, 35
RDF. See Resource Description Framework (RDF)
RDF dataset
communicating 47–48
RDF element 48
RDF Model and Syntax Recommendation 28, 48
RDF namespace 48
RDF Schema 15, 29, 155
classes 156
example 158
properties 157
RDF/XML
example 55
namespace declaration 48
striped format 52–53
subject identification 49
syntax 48, 52, 55
using attributes instead of element content 51
RDFS. See RDF Schema
Recommendation
RDF 24
RDF Model and Syntax 28
reification 36
relational databases 44
property specifications 44
schema 44
relationships 17, 63, 136
child 130
many-to-one 44
reliability
of data 230
social analysis 232
uncertain 231
request
HTTP 178
Resource Description Framework (RDF) 15, 21–22
applications 37–40
contradictory statements 58, 230
data model 22
datastore 27, 161
example 41
expressing rules 130
graphs 30–31, 33, 44, 52, 74
identifying resources 23–24
incomplete information 58
interpretations 132
limitations of 58
meshing data and meta data 41
model 47, 84
non-XML syntax 56
and OWL 164
properties 28
reasons to use 47
Recommendation 24
redundancy 44
reification 231
and social analysis 120
statements 22
strengths 86
syntax 48, 55
theoretical basis 86
and Topic Maps 84
tradeoffs with Topic Maps 85
triples 75
URI references 56, 246
validator 55
resources 22, 70, 85, 182
addressable 13, 66
anonymous 25
finding 24
and HTTP 179
identifying 23–24, 29, 179
identifying by URLs 182
non-addressable 13
as objects of statements 33
representations of 179
type of 32
web 11
REST
model 182
RPC, compared with 184
Robust Locations
Multivalent browser 102
See also annotations
roles. See Topic Maps, roles
RPC
controversy 181, 184
and firewalls 184
model 182
remote procedure calls
See also SOAP
RSS 37, 125, 253
and RDF 38
rules. See logic, rules
 
S
 
scalability 12
scenarios 8
annotations 104
negotiating a date 9, 242
research assistant 8, 238
schema 44
scope. See Topic Maps, scope
search engines 109, 111
analyzing document types 111
analyzing queries 111
analyzing web pages 111
caching pages 111
extracting meta data 114
graphic interfaces 110
hierarchy of terms 110
interfaces 109
linked pages 111
paid ranking 123
spoofing 123
searches 107, 117
ad hoc 108
classification of terms 113
clustering results 121–123
context from databases 117
context from the user 117
environment, Internet 110
keywords 112
kinds 108
and meta data 114
multiple passes 120
and ontologies 113
peer to peer 120
predefined categories 108
process 111
semantic analysis 114, 116
semantic focusing 117–118
and the Semantic Web 124
serendipity 111
social analysis 118
strategies 112
subject identity 118
useful results 109
using results 110
XML results 110
searching 262
improved 93
semantic focusing 244
Semantic Web 2–3, 13, 18
and agents 212
annotation discovery 93
annotations 92
definition 3
design 10, 12
foundations 10, 16, 20
intelligent filtering 93
layer cake 14–18
and logic 133
Logic and Proof layer 15, 17
logical reasoning 86
machine-readable annotations 93
making a reality 10
Ontology 155
Ontology layer 15, 17
and open worlds 131
purpose 3–8
RDF layer 15, 17
RDF Schema layer 15, 17
reliability assessments 86
searching 93, 124
trust 221
Trust layer 15, 17–18
visions 3
XML layer 15–16
XML Schema layer 15–16
semantics 3
different for different sources 135
meaning and the Semantic Web 249
serendipity. See searches, serendipity
services 4, 7, 171
chain of 171
components of 173
composition of 198–199
DAML-S. See
DAML-S
data exchange 174
describing 186
discovery 7, 244
finding 194
Google-enhanced service discovery 196
invoking 173
non-web 175
personal 8
process description 198
and RDF 175, 193
and Semantic Web 173, 202, 248
SOAP 175
UDDI. See UDDI
web 171–172, 182, 244, 248
Web pages as 172
and Web principles 173
Slashdot 103
SOAP 175, 181
body 176
description 175
envelope 176
example 183
header 176
HTML 177
and HTTP 178
messages 176
protocols 178
and RDF 177
remote procedure calls (RPC) 181
security 176
transport 178
See also services, SOAP
social analysis 114, 125, 241
grass roots 125
making more information available 125
and RDF 120
and reliability of information 232
See also searches, social analysis
spoofing 123
Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) 72
standards
agents 213
FIPA. See FIPA
state 13
statements 22
contradictory 58
graphing properties of 35
negation of 58
object 22
predicate 22, 27–28
properties of 30, 35
reified 37
reliability assessments 86
reliability of 230
resources related by 84
retracting 231
subject 22
subject-verb-object structure 22
value 22
subclasses. See classes, subclasses
subject identifier 67
subject identity 118
subjects 64, 66, 85
superclasses. See classes, superclasses
symbols
manipulating 249
 
T
 
tables 25
relationships 43
TAP 117
data integration techniques 125
semantic focusing 117
See also searches
taxonomies 142
See also ontologies
TMDM
data model (TMDM) 72
See also Topic Maps
Topic Maps 17, 61, 64, 72
abstract model 73
advantages of 71
applications of 87
association members 75–76
associations 74–76, 84
baseName 65, 74
capturing meta data 84
conference proceedings example 81
data model (TMDM) 72
database-oriented implementation 77
defining rules 130
example 78
graph-oriented implementation 77
implementation 77
maturity of software 72
merging 66, 71–72
models 62, 70, 72–73
names 74–75
navigation 79
object-oriented implementation 77
occurrences 64, 74–75
for ontologies 254
properties 68
and RDF 84
resourceRef 66
roles 64, 75
roles in the Semantic Web 82
scope 63, 65, 69
standard 61–62, 72
statement reliability assessments 86
strengths 86
subject 64, 66, 70
subjectIdentity 66, 68, 74
subjectIndicator 66–67
subjects of topics 66
syntax 61, 78
theoretical basis 86
topics 64
tradeoffs with RDF 85
weather event example 80
Topic Maps Constraint Language 82
topics
merging 68
subjects of topics 66
See also Topic Maps
trees 143
triples 26, 44, 74
difficulty reading 29
statements 22
writing 27
See also Resource Description Framework (RDF)
trust 17, 220, 248
and agents 211, 221
certificates 220
degrees of 248
digital signatures 222, 227
establishing 211
non-repudiation 228
and Semantic Web 221
tuples 25, 28
 
U
 
UDDI 194
models 195
repository 195
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) 11, 246
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) 11
URI references 23–25, 28–29, 56, 67, 98
as abstract idenfiers 68
difficulty understanding 56
identifying other topics 68
as real addresses 68
URI. See Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
URL. See Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
 
V
 
validators 55
vCards
RDF format for 239
Vivisimo 121–122
vocabularies
integrated 84
shared 82
vocabulary. See ontologies
 
W
 
W3C See World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) 14–15
Web 172, 182, 244, 248
Web of Trust 222, 241
and agents 233
Web Ontology Language (OWL) 15, 122, 145, 161, 254
classes 162
example 164, 166
Owl DL 161
OWL Full 161
OWL Lite 161
properties 162
and RDF 164
and RDFS 161
versioning 163
Web Services Description Language (WSDL). See WSDL
web services. See services
web sites
hijacking 123
WebScripter 39
markup 39
and RDF 39
Wiki 95–96
WordNet 112
World Wide Web 2
annotations 92, 94
contradictory statements 58
decentralization 12
design 10–13
foundation of the Semantic Web 10
incomplete information 58
incompleteness 13
inconsistency 13
model 13
openness 13
stateless transactions 12
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) 10
worlds
closed 130
open 130
risks in open 131
WSDL 187
example 187
and HTTP 187
model 187
semantic content of 192
 
X
 
XML. See Extensible Markup Language (XML)
XML Topic Maps (XTM) 61, 72, 78
XML web services. See services
XPointer 99
XTM. See XML Topic Maps (XTM)
XUL widgets
widgets 37
See also Extensible User interface Language (XUL)
 
Y
 
Yahoo 109