| preface xi | ||
| acknowledgments xiii | ||
Part I Business drivers and basic client/server concepts 1 |
||
| 1 | Client/server: The business imperatives driving the search for new solutions 2 |
|
| 1.1 | Overview 3 | |
| Scope of text 4 | ||
| 1.2 | An introduction and frame of reference 6 | |
| Frame of reference 6, Computing evolution 7, Definitions 8, Related computing initiatives 9, Enabling technologies 10 | ||
| 1.3 | Market motivations and trends 17 | |
| Motivations 18, Market trends 20, Obstacles and challenges 21 | ||
| 1.4 | Financials impact 22 | |
| Financial realities 22, Life-cycle costs 24, Savings opportunities 24 | ||
| 1.5 | Communications architectures 25 | |
| Infrastructure 25, Network operating systems 27, Network management 27, Systems management 27, Impact of application networks on design 29 | ||
| 1.6 | Technical foundation 30 | |
| Observations on sample tool providers 31, Product overviews 31, Foundation 33, Front-ends 33, Middleware 33, Back-ends 36, Object-oriented technology 36, Distributed databases 37, Application partitioning 38 | ||
| 1.7 | Implementation strategies 39 | |
| Getting started 39, Strategies 40, Mainframe legacy 42, Business process selection 43, Needs assessment 43, Component evaluation and selection 44, Vertical applications 44, Integration 45, Outsourcing 45 | ||
| 1.8 | Information Technology department role 46 | |
| Loss of control 50, Resistance to change 50 | ||
| 1.9 | Business department role 51 | |
| "Do your own thing" implications 52, Juggling control 52 | ||
| 1.10 | Impact on organization structure 52 | |
| Organization restructuring motivations and definitions 53, Organization structure suggestions 54 | ||
| 1.11 | A virtual future 54 | |
| 1.12 | Conclusion 55 | |
| 1.13 | References 55 | |
| 2 | Present mode of operation: Computing client/server environments now in place 56 |
|
| 2.1 | Background 58 | |
| 2.2 | Client/server systems: Practical definition 59 | |
| Key client/server concepts 59, Motivations 62, Why client/server applications are being deployed 70, Transitioning to client/server computing 73, Using SQL 75 | ||
| 2.3 | Distributed computing environment 76 | |
| 2.4 | Communication systems in place 77 | |
| Local connectivity 78, Wide area connectivity 88 | ||
| 2.5 | References 95 | |
| 3 | Multidistributed databases: Client/server systems and more 97 |
|
| 3.1 | Introduction and background 98 | |
| 3.2 | Evolution of the database 99 | |
| What is a database? 99, Architectures 100, Practical applications for databases 102 | ||
| 3.3 | Client/server: A distributed computing environment 104 | |
| Understanding traditional computing 104, The appearance of client/server 106, The three components 107, Plethora of architectures 110 | ||
| 3.4 | Mainframes' role 113 | |
| 3.5 | Middleware 114 | |
| 3.6 | Distributed databases 117 | |
| Data replication/partitioning 119, Distributed database planning 123, Optimizing performance of distributed databases 124 | ||
| 3.7 | Client/server in the Internet and in intranets 125 | |
| 3.8 | Object-oriented programming 127 | |
| The need for a new software development technique 127, Evolution of object-oriented programming 129, Applicability of object-oriented programming to client/server 129, Technical principles 131, Standards 137, Performance issues 138, Problems and limitations 138 | ||
| 3.9 | References 139 | |
Part II ATM basics 143 |
||
| 4 | An ATM primer 144 | |
| 4.1 | Background 145 | |
| 4.2 | The emergence of ATM 146 | |
| ATM's evolution 148, Packet transmission aspects 152 | ||
| 4.3 | The standardization of ATM 155 | |
| The ATM standard 155, Background research 156 | ||
| 4.4 | ATM as an enabling technology 158 | |
| 4.5 | Challenges facing ATM 159 | |
| 4.6 | Overview of key ATM features 161 | |
| The ATM cell 163, Addressing 164, The physical and ATM layers 165, Class of service: The Adaptation Layer 167 | ||
| 4.7 | LAN Emulation 172 | |
| Overview 172, Components of LAN Emulation 173, LAN Emulation operation 174 | ||
| 4.8 | Narrowband ATM access 177 | |
| 4.9 | ATM switches 179 | |
| 4.10 | Tasks receiving continuing attention 180 | |
| 4.11 | Carrier-provided ATM services 183 | |
| 4.12 | Relation to SONET rings and other transport technologies 184 | |
| 4.13 | Commonly asked ATM service questions 185 | |
| 4.14 | References 189 | |
Part III ATM-based approach to client/server 191 |
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| 5 | LAN Emulation and Classical IP over ATM 192 | |
| 5.1 | LAN Emulation motivation 193 | |
| LAN Emulation problem space 194, Issues with LAN Emulation 196 | ||
| 5.2 | Address resolution basics 199 | |
| 5.3 | LAN Emulation components 201 | |
| LAN Emulation configuration server 201, LAN Emulation Server 203, LAN Emulation Broadcast and Unknown Server 203, LAN Emulation Clients 204 | ||
| 5.4 | LAN Emulation User Network Interface operation 204 | |
| LAN Emulation procedures 204, Address resolution 206, Multicast and unicast address forwarding 206 | ||
| 5.5 | Scalability and reliability 207 | |
| 5.6 | Classical IP over ATM 208 | |
| Overview 208, Operation 210 | ||
| 5.7 | Migrating towards ATM LANs 211 | |
| 5.8 | References 212 | |
| 6 | Virtual LANs and Multiprotocol Over ATM 214 | |
| 6.1 | Virtual LANs 215 | |
| Virtual LANs with ATM 216, Virtual LAN with Multiprotocol Over ATM 218 | ||
| 6.2 | Comparing Multiprotocol Over ATM with LAN Emulation 219 | |
| 6.3 | Introduction to Multiprotocol Over ATM 220 | |
| Cut-through routing 221 | ||
| 6.4 | Multiprotocol Over ATM requirements 224 | |
| 6.5 | Multiprotocol Over ATM overview 225 | |
| 6.6 | Components and architecture 226 | |
| Multiprotocol Over ATM functional groups 227, Multiprotocol Over ATM information flows 229 | ||
| 6.7 | Multiprotocol Over ATM operation 229 | |
| Startup and configuration 230, Registration, discovery, and routing 230, Data exchange 231, Multicast support 232 | ||
| 6.8 | Summary 233 | |
| 6.9 | References 234 | |
| 7 | Client/server technology over ATM, the Internet models 235 |
|
| 7.1 | The client/server model 236 | |
| 7.2 | Real time communication: Standards and applications 237 | |
| Browser applications 238, Browser protocols 238, Audio/video applications 244, Audio/video standards 244, Application issues related to QoS 247 | ||
| 7.3 | Integration of IP, ATM, and Quality of Service 247 | |
| The integrated IP/ATM model 248, Adaptive protocols, working with today's networks 258 | ||
| 7.4 | The future of client/server technology 259 | |
| 7.5 | Summary 260 | |
| 7.6 | References 261 | |
| 8 | Traffic management and performance of client/server over ATM 262 |
|
| 8.1 | Traffic management introduction 263 | |
| 8.2 | ATM services classes 265 | |
| Constant Bit Rate 266, Variable Bit Rate 266, Available Bit Rate 268, Unspecified Bit Rate 268 | ||
| 8.3 | Quality of Service parameters 269 | |
| Cell Loss Ratio 269, Cell Transfer Delay 270, Cell Delay Variation 270 | ||
| 8.4 | End-to-end traffic management 272 | |
| Traffic parameters 273, Source traffic descriptor 273 | ||
| 8.5 | Call admission control 274 | |
| 8.6 | Conformance monitoring and enforcement 274 | |
| Leaky bucket algorithms 275, Traffic shaping 277 | ||
| 8.7 | Queuing strategies 277 | |
| Input buffering 278, Centralized buffering 279, Output buffering 279, Queue size 280 | ||
| 8.8 | Coping with congestion 280 | |
| ABR requirements 281, ABR implementation 281, Issues with ABR 283, Alternatives to ABR, Early Packet Discard 284 | ||
| 8.9 | Summary 287 | |
| 8.10 | References 287 | |
| index 289 | ||