2D differencing compression
formats 194
2D surfaces 90
32-bit PICT 20
3D format conversion
difficulty 269
3D surfaces 91
3DGF 20, 31
907 PCI 15
A
ACATS 26
ACR-NEMA 17
Additive color spaces 107
Additive-subtractive color relationship 108
Adobe 20, 32
ADRG 20
Advisory Committee for Advanced Television Systems (ACATS) 26
Aldus 21
Algorithms 9
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 41
AMF 31
Amiga Interchange File Format (IFF) 20
Analog 8
ANBM 28
ANIM 28
Animated Bitmap (ANBM) 28
ANSI 41
ANSI graphics-related projects 48
Apple QuickTime movie (MooV) 28
Application domains for mathematical models 31
Applications needing compression 176
Arc Digitized Raster Graphics (ADRG) 20
ARC/INFO 33
ASCII Model File (AMF) 31
Associated data 68
Attribute data 67, 94
Author information, raster data 78
AVS Field 280-283
comparison 240-252
data types 71, 104
organization 149
AVS Image 284-285
color 111, 112
comparison 240-252
organization 136, 149
AVS.dat 35
B
Betacam 27
Betacam SP 27
Big endian 257
Binary encodings 167
advantages 170
CGM 169
disadvantages 170
IGES 169
PostScript 168, 170
XDR 170
Binary number system 8
Binary Universal Form for Representation (BUFR) 34
Bit map 72
Block size in data formats 137
BMP 19, 285-288
color 111, 115
comparison 240-252
conversion 275
data types 73-77
organization 136, 146, 149
origin 19
standardization 52
B-picture 234
BUFR 34
C
CALS 44
CAV 27
CCD sensors 16
CCIR 40
CCIR 601 27
CCIR 601-1 color 126
CCIR 709 color 127
CCITT Fax 40, 288-290
color 111, 112
comparison 240-252
compression 179, 184, 192-194, 213-214
conversion 273
origin 17
standardization 47, 48
CCITT H.261 236, 290-292
comparison 240-252
compression190, 194, 196-205, 206-207, 209-210, 236-238
organization 137, 150-152
CD 45
CDF 36
CGM 22, 293-297
binary encoding 169
character encoding 164
color 110, 113, 114, 122, 123, 127, 130
color capability 131
comparison 240-252
conversion 275
data types 69, 72-105
design goals 57
encoding 163-165, 169
organization 146, 149
origin 22
standardization 47, 48
Character encoding 163
advantages 167
CGM 164
disadvantages 167
Charge-coupled devices (CCD) 16
ChromaLink 14
CIE color space 120
Cineon 24
Circles 82
Circular arc trade-offs 86
Claris CAD 21
Color capability, CGM 130
IIF 128
ODA 128
PostScript 129
Color compression 112, 114
Color difference space 124
Color formats, color precisions 111
gamut specification 122
lookup tables 115
more than 4 samples/pixel 116
nonlinear color 113
single gamma value 119
unlimited color precision 109
white point 124
YCrCb encoding 128
Color gamut 120
Color lookup table data formats 115
Color map 113
Color matching 117
Color models 106
Color precision of data formats 111
Color precision, resolution tradeoffs 111
Color spaces 129, 131
additive 105
difference-based 124
HSB 128
subtractive 108
YCrCb 126
YIQ 125
YUV 125
Color specification, raster data 74
Color table 113
Color television formats 26
Color-grayscale conversion 259
Color-spatial resolution changes 261
Color formats, true color 115
Committee Draft (CD) 45
Common Data Format (CDF) 36
Composite 27
Composite elements 88
Compression algorithm, GEM/IMG decoding 182
Huffman codes 213
LZW decoding 187
LZW encoding 186
PackBits decoding 180
PCX decoding 181
RLE decoding 183
SunRaster decoding 181
Compression, 2D pattern recognition 191
3D pattern recognition 205
arithmetic encoding 215
color 112
design constraints 175
design options 175
combining methods 219
facsimile 192
fractals 191
frame differencing 206
Huffman codes 203
methodologies 177
minimizing the number of bits 211
motion compensation 206
prediction with resolution 209
ratio 174
terminology 174
via reduced precision 209
via transformation 177
Computer animation and sound formats 28
Computer Graphics Metafile (CGM) 22
Computer-assisted Acquisition and Logistics Support (CALS) 44
Computer-based imaging advantage 29
Computers images 22
Conceptual data, conversion 258
Conceptual view 4
Conic arcs 86
Conversion difficulty, examples 255
Conversion difficulty, relative 254
Conversion, 2D geometry to raster 264
conceptual data 258
CSG to octree 270
CSG to polygonal 270
curved surface to octree 269
curved surface to polygonal 270
polygonal to curved surface 269
polygonal to octree 271
raster data 258
raster to 2D geometry 265
Create pictures 11
CRT color production 107
CUR 19, 297-299
color 110-114
comparison 240-252
organization 136, 146, 149
origin 19
Current Position 156
Curves 87
Curves, attributes 96
CUT 20
D
D-1 27
D-2 27
D-3 27
Data access, data grouping classification 159
Data block interleaving 149
Data compression 8, 112
Data description techniques 9
Data descriptions as languages 9
Data dictionary 138
Data formats, direct color only 112
lookup table 115
predefined organization 135
Data grouping, data access classification 159
Data organization 7
Data organization-performance relationships 7
Data set interdependencies 5
Data streams, byte orderings 249
color models 243
compression techniques 250
encodings 247
moving pictures 242
origins 240
representations 251
still pictures 242
Data tags 143
Date and time information, raster data 78
DCT 196
DCT compression formats 197
DDES-DEF 14, 299-300
color 111
comparison 240-252
origin 14
standardization 47, 49
DDES00-UEF00 300-303
color 112
comparison 240-252
organization 137, 149
DDES00-UEF01 303-307
color 115, 116
comparison 240-252
compression 179
organization 136
DDES00-UEF02 307-310
color 115
comparison 240-252
organization 136
DDES00-UEF03 310-313
comparison 240-252
compression 179
DDIF 20
De facto graphic standards 52
De facto standards 39, 51
advantages 53
disadvantages 53
DEC Digital Image Format (DDIF) 20
DEM 33
Design goal trade-offs 61
Design goals 59
Device independence 6
Device independence of encodings 171
Device information, raster data 81
Digest 33
Digital 8
Digital camera formats 16
Digital Data Exchange Standard (DDES) 14
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 33
Digital imaging fusion 11
Digital Line Graphs (DLG) 33
Digital photography advantages 16
Dimensions 93
Dimensions, attributes 101
Direct color data formats 112
DIS 46
Discrete cosine transform (DCT) 150, 196
DLG 33
DMP 15
Documentation data 70
Draft International Standard (DIS) 46
Drawing Interchange File (DXF) 31, 142
DXF 314-317
color 115
comparison 240-252
conversion 275
data types 81-105
encoding 163
organization 142-143
origin 31
standardization 52
DXF data stream format 142
E
Electrostatic printing 13
Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) 22
Encodings, character 163
relative device independence 171
text 160
where used 172
EPS 22, 317-319
comparison 240-252
conversion 275
EPSI 319-320
color 111, 112
comparison 240-252
Evolving graphic standards 50
F
Facsimile standards 18
Facsimile, compression 192
Fax machines 22
Feature extraction 265
Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 44
Film resolution 15
FIPS 44
FITS 34, 320-323
comparison 240-252
conversion 273
organization 149
origin 34
Fixed-length codes 211
Flexible Image Transport Service (FITS) 34
FLI/FLC 28, 323-227
color 115
comparison 240-252
compression 206
origin 28
Flic Files See FLI/FLC
Flux 36, 328-329
comparison 240-252
organization 149
origin 36
Formal standards,
advantages and disadvantages 53
Formats, 2D differencing compression 194
2D geometry data 21
arithmetic encoding 215
character encoding 167
color television 26
computer animation and sound 28
data block size 137
DCT compression 297
differencing-based compression 190
GUI 19
Huffman coding 213
JPEG encoding 220
LZW compression 185
mapping data 32
modeling data interchange 31
modeling data output 31
motion compensation 206
motion picture to video conversion 23
MPEG encoding 230
multiple encodings 172
publishing system 14
raster data 20
run-length compression 179
scientific data 33
scientific visualization data 36
text encoding 163
video recording 27
volume data 33
Fractal-based compression 191
Fractals 191
Frame differencing 206
Frame rate, motion pictures 23
FrameMaker 14
Freeway 14
Functional grouping of data streams 64
Fusion 11
industrial 37
raster data 22
G
Gamma correction 118
Gamut specification in data formats 122
GBF/DIME 33
GEM/IMG 330-331
algorithm 182
color 111
comparison 240-252
compression 179, 181-182
conversion 273
data types 73
organization 149
origin 20
GEM Metafile 22, 331-334
comparison 240-252
conversion 275
data types 82-100
General Format 3 34
Geographic Base Files/Dual Independent Map Encoding (GDF/DIME) 33
Geographic data formats 32
Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis (GIRAS) 33
Geometric data 66
Geometry data 4
2D surfaces 90
3D surfaces 91
attributes 94
circles 82
composite elements 88
compression techniques 250
conic arcs 86
curves 87
lines 81
specification techniques 80
subfigures 92
text 88
view specification 102
Geometry format differences 267
Geometry-raster data comparison 104
GF3 34
GIF 20, 335-339
color 115
comparison 240-252
compression 184-189
conversion 274
data types 69, 73
organization 137
origin 20
standardization 52
GIRAS 33
Graphic data representations 104
Graphic subroutines 157
Graphical data standards 54
GRAphical System for Presentation (GRASP) 28
Graphics-related standards 50
Graphics-related standards international groups 47
GRASP 28, 339-341
color 115
comparison 240-252
organization
origin 28
GRIB 34
GRIdded Binary form (GRIB) 34
Group III fax 18
Group IV Fax 18
GUI formats 19
H
H.261 236
data stream format 138
-MPEG comparison 237
sample locations 152
Handshake 14
Hardware interdependencies 5
HDF 36, 342-345
color 111, 115
comparison 240-252
compression 179
organization 149
origin 36
HDS 34
HDTV 25
Hewlett Packard Printer Control Language (HP-PCL) 14
Hi-8 27
Hierarchical Data Format 36
encoding 154
structure 36
Hierarchical Data System (HDS) 34
High definition TV (HDTV) 25
HP-GL 15, 346-350
color 115
comparison 240-252
conversion 275
data types 69, 82-102
organization 145
origin 15
HP-GL/2 15, 350-354
HP-PCL 14
HSB color space 130, 128
Huffman codes 213
I
ICO 19, 355-356
color 111, 115
comparison 240-252
data types 73
organization 149
origin 19
standardization 52
IFF 20, 22, 52, 357-359
comparison 240-252
compression 221, 230
conversion 274
data types 105
origin 20
standardization 52
IGES 31, 140, 360-366
binary form 169
color 109, 112
comparison 240-252
data stream format 140
data types 80-105
encoding 162, 163, 169-170
organization 140 - 142
origin 31
standardization 50
IIF 20, 367-372
color 109, 114-116, 123-124, 128-129
comparison 240-252
compression 221, 230
conversion 274
organization 149, 156
origin 20
standardization 47, 48
IIF color capability 129
Illustrator 3.0 32
ILMB 20
Image Interchange Facility (IIF) 20
Image Technology Standards Board (ITSB) 49
Images with sound 23
IMG 20
Information Systems Standards Board (ISSB) 49
Initial Graphics Exchange Standard (IGES) 31
Ink jet printing 13
Instantaneous code 211
Intaglio printing 13
Interchange File Format (IFF) 22
Intergraph Standard Interchange Format (ISIF) 32
Interlace 24
Interlaced data 146
Interleaved data blocks 151
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 40
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 40
International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) 40
International Standard (IS) 46
International standards groups 41
International Telecommunications Union (ITU) 40
International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) 40
Interpretation data 67
I-picture 232
IS 46
ISIF 32
ISO/IEC graphics-related projects 48
ISSB 49
ITSB 49
ITU 40
J
Joint Bi-Level Imaging Group (JBIG) 20, 209, 373-377
color 11, 112, 116
comparison 240-252
compression 209, 215-217
organization 149, 156
origin 20
standardization 47, 48
JFIF 378-380
color 112, 128
comparison 240-252
compression 221
Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) 20
Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC1) 46
JPEG 20, 150, 220, 381-386
color 111, 112, 116, 128
comparison 240-252
compression 190-, 194, 196-205, 209-210, 213, 217, 220-229
compression modes 220
compression ratios 229
conversion 274
decoding operation sequence 222
design goals 57
encoding operation sequence 222
encoding process 224
-MPEG differences 229
organization 138, 149-156
origin 20
prediction schemes 195
standardization 47, 48
summary 228
zigzag ordering 225
L
Latent image data 4, 67
LBM 20
Letterpress printing 13
Lines 81
Lines, attributes 96
Little endian 257
Lookup table 113
Lookup tables and true color data formats 115
Luminance 107
LZW bits into byte packing 189
compression formats 185
encoding 185, 185
patent 185
M
Mac 3D 32
MacPaint 20, 386-388
color 111, 112
comparison 240-252
compression 179
conversion 273
organization 135-136
origin 20
Macroblocks 229
MacroMind 31
Magic numbers 69
Manipulate pictures 11
MapBase 33
Mapping data formats 32
Marketplace selection of standards 51
Mathematical models 30
Medical image formats 17
Medical X rays 22
Memory requirements 5
MIF 14
M-II 27
MiniCad 3D 32
Minimal set of data formats 64
Modal attributes 157
Modeling data, interchange formats 31
Modeling data, output formats 31
Models, physical 29
MooV 28
Motion compensation formats 206
Motion picture to video conversion formats 23
Motion pictures 22
aspect ratio 23
frame rate 23
Motion Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) 28
Motion vector 232
movie.BYU 28
MPEG 28, 229, 389-398
B-picture 234
color 112, 128
comparison 240-252
compression 190-194, 196-205, 206-210, 213-214, 229-236
design goals 58
encoding classes 230
-H.261 comparison 237
I-picture 232
-JPEG differences 229
macroblock 231
motion vector 232
organization 150-152
origin 28
P-picture 232
prediction schemes 208
refresh rates 235
sample locations 152
standardization 47, 48
N
NAPLPS 166
National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) 25, 26
netCDF 36, 399-402
comparison 240-252
organization 149
origin 36
Network Common Data Format (netCDF) 36
New Work Item Proposal (NP) 45
Nonlinear color data formats 113
NP 45
NTSC 26
O
obj 32
Objectives 2
Objectives of the book 2
ODA color capability 129
Offset printing 13
P
PackBits 180
PackBits algorithm 180
PAL 26
Patents, fractal compression 191
Patents, LZW 185
Pattern recognition 178
PCX 20, 403-405
color 111, 116
comparison 240-252
compression 179, 181
conversion 274
data types 73
origin 20
PCX algorithm 181
PDBLib 36
Pen plotter 14
Pen plotting 14
Performance 7
Performance-data organization relationships 7
Phase Alternation Line (PAL) 26
PHIGS A.F. 32
PhotoCD 16, 52
Photographic film 15
Photography 22
Photoshop 20
Physical models 29
Picking a data format 3
PICT 19, 52, 405-407
color 113, 116
comparison 240-252
compression 180
conversion 274-275
origin 19
standardization 52
PICT2 19
Picture creation techniques 12
Picture reproduction techniques 12
Pixel 72
Pixel aspect ratio 264
Pixel map 72
Plot3D 36
PLPS 408-410
comparison 240-252
encoding 166-167
protocol 166
standardization 50
Points 80
Points, attributes 92
PostScript 10, 14, 22, 52, 411-417
binary object sequence encoding 170
color 109, 111, 113, 116, 117, 119, 124, 128, 130
comparison 240-252
compression 179, 185-189, 221
conversion 273
data types 69-105
design 59
encoding 162-163, 168-170
organization 148
origin 14
standardization 52
Precision-resolution trade-off 153
Predefined data stream 135
Predefined organization formats 135
PRIM 21
Printing 13, 22
Publishing system formats 14
Q
QUBE 34
QuickTime 417-421
comparison 240-252
compression 221, 230
origin 28
R
Raster data 4, 66, 69
author information 78
color specification 74
compression information 76
compression techniques 250
conversion 257
date and time information 78
device information 75
formats 20
fusion 22
interpretation information 72
organization 145
positional information 76
standards groups 45
sample ordering 75
sample representation 73
title information 77
Raster device 14, 72
Raster formats, mathematical
ordering 146
ordered by sample and data type 149
ordered by sample only 149
ordered by sample or value type 148
Raster-geometry data comparison 104
Regional standards groups 42
Relationships between data values 144
RenderMan Interface Byte-stream (RIB) 32
Representational view 4
Resolution 14
color precision trade-offs 111
conversion 260
film 15
-precision trade-off 153
RGB 27
RIB 32, 422-426
color 109
comparison 240-252
encoding 163
origin 32
RLE 427-431
algorithm 183
color 111, 116, 117
comparison 240-252
compression 179, 182-183
conversion 275
data types 73
organization 148-149
RPL 32
RS 343-B (EIA) 27
RS-170 (EIA) 27
Run-length compression
formats 179
Run-length encoding 179
S
SAS 32
SBF 34
SC24 image 129
Scanners 16
Scientific data formats 33
Scientific visualization, data formats 36
Scientific visualization, data structures 102
Screen printing 13
Sculpt3D 32
SECAM 26
Self-documenting data streams 135
SFDU 34
SFF 34
SFIL 28
SGML 143
Shift codes 211
Signature 68
SLD 28
SMPTE 240M 23
SMPTE 260M 24
Sound 23
Spatial-color resolution changes 261
SPDL 22
Spectral selection progressive encoding 154
Standard 39
Standard File Format or Standard Format File (SFF) 34
Standard Format Data Unit (SFDU) 34
Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) 143
Standardization problems 39
Standards creation 54
improvement 54
process 54
Standards groups, international 41
international graphics-related 47
raster data 45
regional 42
US government 43
US professional 43
STEP 31
Subfigures 92
Subfigures, attributes 101
Subtractive color space 108
Subtractive-additive color relationship 108
Successive approximation progressive encoding 154
SunRaster 8, 21, 24, 181, 431-433
color 111, 116
comparison 240-252
compression 180-181
conversion 275
organization 136, 149
origin 21
SunRaster algorithm 181
SunVision 21
Super 3D 32
SuperPaint 21
Super-VHS 27
Surfaces (2D) 90
(3D) 91
attributes 99
S-Video 27
SwivelMan 3D 32
Synchronization 23
System Electronique Couleur Avec Memorie (SECAM) 26
T
TAG 41
Tag Image File Format design goals 59
Tango 28
Technical Advisory Group (TAG) 41
Television (TV) 24
European standard 25
interlaced 24
US standard 24
Text 88
Text encoding 160
advantages 162
data formats 163
disadvantages 163
Text, attributes 97
TGA 21, 434-439
color 111, 114, 116, 120
comparison 240-252
compression 180
conversion 274
organization 136, 149
origin 21
Thermal dye diffusion printing 13
Thermal printing 13
TIFF 52, 138, 439-444
color 111, 113, 117, 122, 124, 128
comparison 240-252
compression 180, 185-189, 221
conversion 275
data stream format 138
data types 69, 73-79, 104
design goals 59
organization 138-140, 150
standardization 52
TIGER/Line 33, 444-448
comparison 240-252
Title information, raster data 77
Topographic data formats 32
Transformation for compression 177
True color 112
TWGES 32
Type C (1-inch) 27
U
UIL 19
U-Matic 27
U-Matic SP 27
Unassociated data 68
US government standards groups 43
US professional standards groups 43
USGS 33
V
Variable-length codes 211
Vector devices 18
Vector Product Format (VPF) 33
Version number 69
VFF image 21
.geometry 32
.movie 28
.volume 35
VHS 27
Video formats, gamma values 119
Video formats, primary colors 122
Video recording formats 27
Videotext system 26
VIFF 34
Visualization 30
Visualization and Image File Format (VIFF) 34
Visualization File Format for images (VFF image) 21
Visualizing abstract data 35
Visualizing data 35
Volume data formats 33
Voxel 72
VPF 33
VST 21
W
WD 45
White point 123, 124
Windows Metafile 21
WMF 19, 448-450
comparison 240-252
conversion 275
data types 81, 82, 85
origin 19, 21
WordPerfect Graphics (WPG) 22
Working Drafts (WD) 45
WPG 21, 22
WS (Workspace) 32
X
X bitmap 450-452
color 111, 113
comparison 240-252
conversion 273
origin 19
standardization 52
X pixmap 452-455
color 111, 113
comparison 240-252
organization 149
origin 19
standardization 52
X window dump 455-458
color 111, 116
comparison 240-252
conversion 275
organization 137, 150
origin 19
standardization 52
X Window System 52
Xim 459-462
color 111, 116
comparison 240-252
conversion 274
organization 136, 148
XDR binary encoding 170
Y
YCrCb color data formats 128
YCrCb color spaces 126
YIQ color space 125
YUV color space 125
Z
Zigzag ordering 225